What is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS)?
A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a system in which physical processes and digital (cyber) technologies are tightly integrated.
It combines Sensors, Actuators, networks and software to monitor, control and optimise physical processes through real-time data and intelligent algorithms.
CPS is a key concept in Industry 4.0 and the IIoT.
🧱 Structure of a CPS
A typical Cyber-Physical System consists of:
- Physical components: machines, motors, valves, products
- Sensor networks: providing real-time information on the physical state
- Actuators: performing physical actions (e.g. driving a motor)
- Embedded software: for local control and communication (e.g. PLC)
- Network connectivity: via fieldbuses (ProfiNET, EtherCAT, OPC UA) or MQTT
- Decision-making: via SCADA, MES or AI algorithms in the Cloud
🏭 Applications of CPS
| Sector | Example |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing (smart factory) | Self-regulating production lines with real-time quality control |
| Transport | Autonomous vehicles and traffic management systems |
| Energy | Smart grids that balance supply and demand |
| Building management | Automated HVAC and lighting systems with energy optimisation |
| Healthcare | Smart prosthetics, medical monitoring equipment |
🔐 Security and reliability
Because they tightly integrate IT and OT, CPSs are sensitive to:
- Cyber threats (such as attacks on industrial networks)
- Real-time requirements: delays can cause physical damage
- Safety risks: physical consequences of digital errors
Measures such as Defense in Depth, the zones and conduits model and IDS are therefore essential for CPS.
📌 In summary
Cyber-Physical Systems are systems in which digital control and physical processes are fully intertwined. They are the core of modern automation and essential for delivering smart factories, cities and infrastructure.