What is Embedded?
Embedded (or embedded systems) refers to electronic systems in which computer functionality is integrated into a device that performs a specific task. Instead of a general-purpose operating system (such as on a PC), an embedded system typically runs a lightweight OS or Firmware, focused on a single function.
In the OT world, embedded systems are everywhere: from Sensors and Actuators through to PLCs and HMIs.
🧠 Characteristics of embedded systems
| Property | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Task-specific | Designed for a single application or limited set of functions |
| Real-time behaviour | Often requires fast and predictable responses (see also RTOS) |
| Limited resources | Modest memory, CPU and power consumption |
| Compact and integrated | Hardware and software often on a single board or module |
| Long-term operation | Designed for years of operation with minimal updates |
⚙️ Examples in an OT context
| Application | Embedded component |
|---|---|
| PLC | Embedded CPU with I/O control |
| HMI | Touchscreen with embedded OS for visualisation |
| Sensors and Actuators | Microcontrollers for data acquisition or signal conversion |
| Remote IO modules | Embedded firmware for decentralised process control |
| Industrial robots | Embedded motion controllers for precise movement |
🧱 Typical components of an embedded system
- Microcontroller (MCU) or System-on-Chip (SoC)
- RTOS or bare-metal firmware
- Flash memory and RAM
- Inputs and outputs (I/O), such as GPIO, UART, CAN, Ethernet
- Embedded software specific to the application
🔁 Embedded vs. general purpose
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Embedded | Specific purpose, minimal resources, often real-time |
| General-purpose PC | Wide range of applications, plentiful resources, runs many applications at once |
An embedded system is not a computer in the classical sense, but an intelligent component of a larger device.
📌 In summary
Embedded systems are the brains of industrial devices. They are small, task-focused and designed to run reliably for years — often without you realising any “software” is running at all.